The 1054 schism was the culmination of mounting theological, political, and cultural disputes, particularly over the authority of the pope, between those churches. The churches of Constantinople, Alexandria, Jerusalem, and Antioch-except for some breaks of communion such as the Photian schism or the Acacian schism- shared communion with the Church of Rome until the East–West Schism in 1054. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Church as the God-bearer, honored in devotions. The church teaches that through consecration invoked by a priest, the sacrificial bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ. It recognizes seven major sacraments, of which the Eucharist is the principal one, celebrated liturgically in synaxis. Its patriarchates, reminiscent of the pentarchy, and other autocephalous and autonomous churches, reflect a variety of hierarchical organisation. It maintains that it practices the original Christian faith, as passed down by holy tradition. The church teaches that it is the one, holy, catholic and apostolic church established by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission, and that its bishops are the successors of Christ's apostles. Įastern Orthodox theology is based on holy tradition, which incorporates the dogmatic decrees of the seven ecumenical councils, the Scriptures, and the teaching of the Church Fathers. The Eastern Orthodox Church officially calls itself the Orthodox Catholic Church. As one of the oldest surviving religious institutions in the world, the Eastern Orthodox Church has played a prominent role in the history and culture of Eastern and Southeastern Europe, the Caucasus, and the Near East. The church has no central doctrinal or governmental authority analogous to the head of the Roman Catholic Church-the Pope-but the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople is recognized by them as primus inter pares ("first among equals") and regarded as the spiritual leader of many of the eastern Christian parishes. It operates as a communion of autocephalous congregations, each governed by its bishops and adherents in local synods. The Eastern Orthodox Church, also called the Orthodox Church, is the second-largest Christian church, with approximately 260 million baptized members. Christ Pantocrator, sixth century, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Sinai the oldest known icon of Christ, in one of the oldest monasteries in the world
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